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January 15, 2014 / 14 Shevat 5774 / Erev Tu B'Shvat
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===Events
- 27 BC – Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus is granted the title Augustus by the Roman Senate, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
- 378 – General Siyaj K'ak' conquers Tikal, enlarging the domain of King Spearthrower Owl of Teotihuacán.
- 550 – Gothic War: The Ostrogoths, under King Totila, conquer Rome after a long siege, by bribing the Isaurian garrison.
- 1120 – The Council of Nablus is held, establishing the earliest surviving written laws of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- 1362 – A storm tide in the North Sea destroys the German city of Rungholt on the island of Strand.
- 1412 – The Medici family is appointed official banker of the Papacy.
- 1492 – The first grammar of the Spanish language is presented to Queen Isabella I.
- 1547 – Ivan IV of Russia aka Ivan the Terrible becomes Czar of Russia.
- 1572 – Thomas Howard, 4th Duke of Norfolk is tried for treason for his part in the Ridolfi plot to restore Catholicism in England.
- 1581 – The English Parliament outlaws Roman Catholicism.
- 1605 – The first edition of El ingenioso hidalgo Don Quijote de la Mancha (Book One of Don Quixote) by Miguel de Cervantes is published in Madrid, Spain.
- 1707 – The Scottish Parliament ratifies the Act of Union, paving the way for the creation of Great Britain.
- 1780 – American Revolutionary War: Battle of Cape St. Vincent.
- 1786 – Virginia enacted the Statute for Religious Freedom authored by Thomas Jefferson.
- 1862 – Hartley Colliery Disaster: 204 men and boys killed in a mining disaster, prompted a change in UK law which henceforth required all collieries to have at least two independent means of escape.
- 1909 – Ernest Shackleton's expedition finds the magnetic South Pole.
- 1919 – Temperance movement: The United States ratifies the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, authorizing Prohibition in the United Statesone year after ratification.
- 1939 – The Irish Republican Army (IRA) begins a bombing and sabotage campaign in England.
- 1942 – Crash of TWA Flight 3, killing all 22 aboard, including film star Carole Lombard.
- 1945 – Adolf Hitler moves into his underground bunker, the so-called Führerbunker.
- 1956 – President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt vows to reconquer Palestine.
- 1964 – Hello, Dolly! (musical) starring Carol Channing opened on Broadway, beginning a run of 2,844 performances.
- 1969 – Czech student Jan Palach commits suicide by self-immolation in Prague, Czechoslovakia, in protest against the Soviets' crushing of the Prague Spring the year before.
- 1970 – Buckminster Fuller receives the Gold Medal award from the American Institute of Architects.
- 1991 – The Coalition Forces go to war with Iraq, beginning the Gulf War (U.S. Time).
Births
- 1093 – Isaac Komnenos, Byzantine sebastokratōr (d. 1152)
- 1245 – Edmund Crouchback, English prince and crusader (d. 1296)
- 1516 – Bayinnaung, Burmese king (d. 1581)
- 1728 – Niccolò Piccinni, Italian composer (d. 1800)
- 1853 – André Michelin, French businessman, co-founded the Michelin Tyre Company (d. 1931)
- 1908 – Ethel Merman, American actress and singer (d. 1984)
- 1933 – Susan Sontag, American author (d. 2004)
- 1948 – John Carpenter, American director
- 1974 – Kate Moss, English model
- 1979 – Aaliyah, American singer, dancer, and actress (d. 2001)
- 1995 – Mikaela Turik, Australian-Canadian cricketer
Deaths
- 378 – Chak Tok Ich'aak I, Mayan king
- 654 – Gao Jifu, Chinese chancellor (b. 596)
- 960 – Patriarch Polyeuctus of Constantinople (b. 956)
- 1554 – Christiern Pedersen, Danish publisher and scholar (b. 1480)
- 1935 – Ma Barker, American criminal (b. 1871)
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